UNIT 12 (NATURAL SCIENCE 4º)

UNIT 12

THINGS: WHAT THEY ARE LIKE AND HOW THEY CHANGE

v WHAT ARE THINGS MADE OF?

·         MATTER

Matter is everything which occupies space and has a weight, or mass.

Matter can be in one of these states:

-          Solid: usually have a fixed shape and stay the same size.

-          Liquid: adapt their shape but do not expand. They flow.

-          Gas: expand and are invisible.

Every object and substance around us is made of matter. Most of them are made of a mixture of different types of matter (components). Mixtures and their components can be visible  or invisible.

·         THERE ARE MANY MIXTURES IN NATURE

Many things in nature are mixtures:

-          Air is a mixture of gases: oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide…

-          Salt water is the water in seas and oceans, it contains salt.

-          Rocks are formed from minerals.

-          Milk contains water, sugars, proteins and fats.

·         MIXTURES CAN BE SEPARATED

A mixture can be separated into individual components.

How to separate mixtures

- Sieving using a sieve.

- Filtering using a filter.

v WHY DO THINGS MOVE?

·         FORCES CAUSE MOVEMENTS

A force is anything capable of moving a stationary object, or stopping a moving object.

An object can only move or stop if a force acts on it. If there is no force, the object cannot move.

·         SOME FORCES ACT THROUGH CONTACT

An object can move or change direction if someone or something touches it.

For example: a ball moves or change direction with the action of a racket, air, water…

·         SOME FORCES ACT AT A DISTANCE

Some forces act without touching the object:

-          Gravity: the Sun, the Earth and all celestial bodies exercise this force. All matter around them is attracted.

-          Magnetism: a magnet exercises a force at a distance. It attracts all objects around it that are made of iron.

v WHY DO THINGS DEFORM?

·         FORCES DEFORM THINGS

Solids can deform if a force acts on them. Some objects deform very little and can break and others deform and do not break.

·         RIGID AND DEFORMABLE MATERIALS

A rigid material is something which breaks and does not deform when a force acts on it. Ex: glass, granite, slate…

A deformable material is something which deforms and does not break when a force acts on it. Ex: plasticine, paper, rubber…

Deformable materials classify in two types:

-          Elastic: returns to its original shape when a force stops acting on it.

-          Plastic: stays deformed then a force stops acting on it.

UNIT 9 (SOCIAL SCIENCE 4º)

UNIT 9

THE ORGANISATION OF SPAIN

·         PROVINCES

A province is a group of communities related by geography and history. In Spain there are 50 provinces.

·         AUTONOMOUS COMMUNITIES

An autonomous community is a group of provinces, related by geography, history and language. Each autonomous community has a capital and a goverment.

In Spain there are 17 autonomous communities and two autonomous cities: Ceuta and Melilla.

The government of the  Spanish State is elected every four years in the general elections. Citizens elect the memebers of the Parliament. The Parliament is formed from:

-                     The Congress (makes the laws)

-                     The Senate (approves or rejects the laws)

The Congress elects the President of the goverment and he elects his ministers. The King appoints them.

·         SPAIN AND THE EUROPEAN UNION

Spain is in Europe and in the European Union. The organs of government of the European Union are: the European Parliament, the European Commision, Te Council of Europe and the European Courts of justice.

The advantages of being a memeber of the EU are:

-          There no borders between countries.

-          There is a common currency, the Euro.

-          The Union promotes economic equality between its members.

CITIZENS: RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS

·         We are citizens with rights

We have the right to:

-          Elect the members of the goverment.

-          Use public services.

-          An education (study).

-          Work.

-          Be protected by laws.

-          Have a place to live.

·         We are citizens with obligations

-          Respect publi welfare.

-          Contribute to maintaining public services (by paying taxes).

-          Collaborate in wellbeing and security.

-          Respect differences (political, cultural and religious)