UNIT 10. WORK (3º E.P)

UNIT 10. WORK

WORK

People work in different jobs. A job is an activity we do to earn Money. There are two types of job:

-          Paid: you receive Money.

-          Unpaid: you don´t receive Money.

Work is divided into three groups:

-          Primary sector: obtain natural products from nature.

-          Secondary sector: transform natural products into manufactured products.

-          Tertiary sector: give services.

NATURAL PRODUCTS

We get natural producs from nature. There are different activities:

-          Agriculture: we cultívate the land to obtain cereals, fruit and vegetables.

-          Stock farming: There are different types of stock farming (pig farmin, sheep farming, poultry farming and cattle farming).

-          Fishing: we fish fish and shellfish.

-          Mining: we excávate rocks, minerals , metals and dig mines.

MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS

We transform natural products into manufactured products in two ways: craft and industry.

-          Craf: craftsmen transform of natural products using the hands and simple tools. For example, pottery and carpentery.

-          Industry: industrial workers transform natural products using machines. For example: cars, medicines, etc.

SERVICES

There are different groups:

-          Health care: doctor, nurse, dentist…

-          Education: teacher

-          Press: journalist

-          Transport: taxi driver, bus driver, etc

There are other services: firemen, policemen, lawyer, shop assistant…

UNIT 9. SENSES, ENERGY AND MATTER (3º E.P.)

UNIT 9 SENSES, ENERGY AND MATTER

OUR SENSES

We have five senses:

-          Sight. We see with rhe eyes.

-          Hearing. We hear with the ears.

-          Smell. We smell with the nose.

-          Taste . We taste with the tongue.

-          Touch. We touch with the skin.

ENERGY

Engery is a force that can change and move things from one place to another.

SOLIDS, LIQUIDS AND GASES

Everything is made of matter. Matter can be in three states:

-          Solids: fixed shape and same size. For example, iron, aluminium and glass.

-          Liquids: they adapt to the container but do not expand. They flow. For example, wáter, milk, etc.

-          Gases: they expand and they are invisible. For example, natural gas and butane.

UNIT 8. OUR HEALTH (3º E.P.)

UNIT 8 – OUR HEALTH

WHY DO WE NEED TO EAT AND DRINK?

We need to eat and drink because…

1. We need nutrients to grow. Proteins give us nutrients (meat, fish, milk and pulse vegetables)
2. We need energy to live and carry out vital functions. Carbohydrates give us energy. Flour, cereals, potatoes contain carbohydrates and Oil and butter contain fats.
3. We need vitamins and minerals to stay healthy. Vegetables and fruit contain minerals and a lot of water.
4. We need to replace the water we lose.

HEALTHY EATING

Our diet

Our diet is the combination of the different foods and drinks we consume every day.

A healthy diet is a diet that contains the right amount of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals and water.

We follow a healthy diet by eating a bit, but not too much, of everything. We must also drink a lot of water.

HEALTHY LIVING

Looking after ourselves

There are other important things that help us to stay healthy:

♦ Physical exercice.

♦ Personal relationships

♦ Rest and sleep (8-9 hours)

 ♦ Free time and games

UNIT 7. HUMAN BEINGS (3º E.P.)

UNIT 7 – HUMAN BEINGS

OUR BODY

THE SHAPE OF OUR BODY

Our body has three main parts:

-      The head is big and inside is the brain.

-      The trunk is flexible.

-      The limbs are long and flexible.

The bodies of boys and girls are very similar but they have different genitals.

-      Girls have a vagina.

-      Boys have a penis and testicles.

Women have little hair and breasts which produce milk. Men have lots of body hair.

THE STAGES OF LIFE

1.   GESTATION

We are in our mother’s womb for nine months. There, the body forms and grows. At the end of the nine months we are born.

2.   CHILDHOOD

Till we are 12-13 years old. We grow from babies to children. We learn to talk, read, think and do things by ourselves.

3.   ADOLESCENCE

Between 13-20 years old. The body stops growing and changing. We look like adults.

4.   ADULTHOOD

Between 20-70 years old. We slowly get older.

5.  OLD AGE

From 70 years old. At the end of this stage we die.

OUR SKELETON

Our skeleton is the combination of all the bones in our body.

The skeleton has two main functions:

-      It supports the body and maintains its shape.

-      It protects the vital organs (brain, heart, lungs)

OUR MUSCLES

Our muscles are underneath the skin and cover our skeleton.

Many of them are connected to our bones. They help us move. Other muscles make our heart beat or open and close our eyes.

All our muscles together are called our musculature.

The combination of the skeleton and the muscles is called the locomotor system. It allows us to move from one place to another, talk, breathe, etc.

UNIT 6. PLANTS (3º E.P.)

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A PLANT

THE PARTS OF A PLANT

Plants have three parts: the roots, a stem and leaves.

*  The roots absorb water and minerals from the soil.

*  The stem supports the leaves. Water and minerals pass through the stem to the leaves. There are two types of stems:

- Hard stems: are called woody.

- Soft stems: are called herbaceous.

*  The leaves grow from the stem and branches and are usually green.

HOW A PLANT FEEDS

-  The roots absorb water and minerals from the soil.

-  Water and minerals go up through the stem to the leaves.

-  The leaves absorb carbon dioxide from the air.

In the leaves, the plant uses energy from The Sun and the substances it absorbs to make its own food. This process is called photosynthes and needs a substance called chlorophyll which is in the leaves and soft stems.

HOW A PLANT REPRODUCES

To reproduce, most plants grow flowers in spring. Flowers have different parts:

-  Petals are coloured. A group of petals is the corolla.

-  Sepals are small green leaves. A group of sepals is the calyx.

-  Stamens make pollen.

-  Pistil is the place where the fruit grows.

The seeds grow inside the fruit. When the fruit falls to the ground a new plant grows from the seed.

FRUITS AND SEEDS

Each plant produces a different fruit.

We classify fruits in two groups:

v  Fleshy fruit is juicy because it has a lot of water like pears, apples, melons, etc.

v  Nuts do not have a lot of water like acorns, nuts.

Seeds are inside fruit.

Some fruits have only one seed, such as peach, avocado, plum. Others have a lot of seeds.

Some seeds are soft, like tomato. Others, like lemmon, are hard.

THE LIFE OF A PLANT

HOW A PLANT GROWS

Plants need sunlight, water and the right kind of soil to grow.

During the life of a plant:

-  The stem grows taller and thicker. Branches grow from the stem.

-  The roots grow down into the ground. They divide into smaller roots, like branches.

-  The leaves get bigger and new leaves grow.

-  The plant grows fruit and reproduces.

Some plants are small and live for a short time. Other plants are and grow very big and live for a very long time.

TYPES OF PLANTS

There are many different types of plants. One way to classify is by size:

·  Grasses, or herbs, are the smallest plants (green, thin and flexible stem) like chamomile, reeds.

·      Bushes, or shrubs, are bigger than grasses (thin and woody stem with branches), like cactus, broom.

·      Trees are the biggest plants, they have trunk and branches, like pines, oaks.

Vegetation is the name of all different plants that grow in a particular place.

UNIT 5. ANIMALS (3º E.P.)

UNIT 5 – ANIMALS

WHAT IS A VERTEBRATE?

Vertebrates are animals that have a spinal column and a skeleton formed from bones. The skeleton holds up and protects the body.

Classifying vertebrates

We can classify vertebrates in different ways:

●How they breathe

- Some vertebrates breathe in water through gills

- Others breathe air through lungs

- Amphibians can breathe through their skin.

●What they eat

- Carnivores eat other animals. Wolves are carnivores.

- Hervibores eat plants. Cows are herbivores.

- Omnivores eat both plants and animals. (for example: Humans beings).

● How they reproduce

- Oviparous: their babies are born from eggs.

- Viviparous: their babies are born from their mother’s womb.

The five groups of vertebrates and their characteristics

● Fish

- They live in the water.

- They breathe through gills.

- Their skin is scales.

- They have fins to swim.

- Most of them are oviparous.

● Amphibians

- They can live in water and on land.

- Their babies live in the water and breathe through gills.

- The adults breathe through lungs and through their skin.

- They are oviparous.

● Reptiles

- A lot of reptiles live on land and some in water.

- They breathe through lungs.

- Their skin is covered in scales and some have a shell.

- They are oviparous.

● Birds

- They live on land and in the air.

- They breathe through lungs.

- They have feathers and wings.

- They are oviparous.

● Mammals

- A lot of live on land, some in water.

- They breathe through lungs.

- Their body is covered in skin and fur.

- Most are viviparous.

- Their babies feed on their mother’s milk.

WHAT IS AN INVERTEBRATE?

Invertebrates are animals that do not have a spinal column or a skeleton made of bones.

Characteristics in common:

● They have a soft body.

● Many of them have a shell or exoskeleton to protect their soft bodies.

Classifying invertebrates

We can classify invertebrates in similar ways to vertebrates:

●What they eat:

They are carnivores, herbivores or omnivores.

● How they breathe:

Some breathe through their skin, others through gills, and others through lungs.

● How they reproduce:

All invertebrates are oviparous. Their offspring are called larva. When they grow, some of them change shape.

Some invertebrates and their characteristics:

● Jellyfish

- They have simple bodies, in the shape of a bag.

- They have long poisonous tentacles.

● Worms

- They are very long and thin.

- Some live in water, some on land, and some inside other animals.

● Molluscs

- They normally have shells.

- Some live in water, some on the land.

● Arthropods

- They have a hard cover, or exoskeleton, that protects their body.