UNIT 11 (SOCIAL SCIENCE 4º)

UNIT 11. SOCIETIES CHANGE II

THE MIDDLE AGES

·         Society in the middle ages

The middle ages began after the end of the Roman Empire and finished with the discovery of America.

There were small kingdoms governed by a King. There were different groups of people:

-          Nobles: lived in castles and had their own armies. They helped the King in wars.

-          Clergy: they lived in monasteries. They could read and write and they dedicatd to pray.

-          Craftsmen and mercants: they lived in cities and formed the first businesses.

-          Peasants: the biggest and poorest group. They worked in the farms of the nobles and clergy and received food and protection.

THE MODERN AGE

·         Society in the Modern Age

The Modern Age began with the discovery of America and finished with the French Revolution. The kingdoms joint and formed countries.

There was still a King and nobles who had all the power and Money. There were wars between countries. The biggest countries started to explore and form empires.

Advances which permited the exploration of the world:

-          Better ships, trade between Europe and America developed.

-          The compass improved navigation.

-          New maps.

THE CONTEMPORARY AGE

·         Society in the Contemporary Age

Changes during the Contemporary Age:

-          Liberty and equality for everyone. Democracies developed.

-          The Industrial Revolution started after the invention of the steam engine.

-          Scientific and technical advances.

There were new machines and new forms of energy:

-          The steam engine was very important for the Industrial Revolution.

-          Coal produced energy for the steam engine but it increased pollution.

HOW THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION CHANGED THE WORLD

-          Old craft workshops transformed into factories.

-          Factories were in cities and a new social class formed: the working class.

-          Population grew because they were healthier and richer.

-          There were scientif and technical advances.

-          New energy sources but pollution increased.

-          Communications improved (telephone, radio, television, internet)

UNIT 15 (NATURAL SCIENCE 4º)

UNIT 15: A PLANET FOR EVERYONE

WE ARE DAMAGING THE PLANET

·         We exhaust natural resources

The growing population and the way of life of the rich countries means that we consume too many natural resources and we are exhausting them.

-          We cut down too many forests. Lots of living things dissapear  because we damage their hábitats and ecosystems.

-          We use too much energy from coal and oil and it causes pollution.

-          Fresh water is limited.

·         We pollute and accumulate waste

We produce pollutants and waste.

-          Pollutants: are substances which damage the air, water or ground.

-          Waste: materials we throw away. Many of these materials do not decompose naturally.

·         Social injustice

The planet´s resources are not equally distributed.

- Rich countries: we have money and technology.

- Poor countries: people do not have the basics for life.

WHAT CAN WE DO TO SAVE THE PLANET?

·         Analyze the problems and look for solutions

Most of the problems of the planet are due to the consumer lifstyle.

·         The rule of the three R´s

-          Rreduce consumption.

-          Reuse objects and materials.

-          Recycle materials.

How to change our lives

-          We must reduce the use of natural resources and share them.

-          Using clean energy (renewable energy)

-          We must reuse, recycle and reduce  materials to produce less waste.

·         Protecting The Earth is everyonés responsibility

For example:

-          Laws to protect endangered animals and landscapes.

-          Laws limiting fishing and hunting and the cutting down of forests.

-          Campaigns to sabe and not pollute water.

-          Campaigns to use public transport.

-          Campaigns to use less heating and air conditioning.

·         Recycling waste

Recycling saves energy and natural resources. We can recycle:

1.      Paper and cardborad

2.      Glass

3.      Plastic, metals and tetra bricks

4.      Leftover food

UNIT 10. SOCIETIES CHANGE (Social Science, 4º)

UNIT 10. SOCIETIES CHANGE

HISTORY

·         What is history?

History is the combination of all the things that happened in the past. People who study history are historians. There are different types of history: family history, local, national and universal history.

·         How we find out about history

A historical source is something which gives us information about the past. There are different types: oral, written, graphic and material.

Historians divide the past into periods:

-          Prehistory: from the first human beings to the invention of writing.

-          The Ancient world: from the invention of writing to the end of the Roman Empire.

-          Middle Ages: from the End of the Roman Empire to the discovery of America in 1492.

-          The Modern Age: from the discovery of America to the French Revolution in 1789.

-          The Contemporary age: from the French Revolution  to nowadays.

PREHISTORY

Prehistory has two main periods:

-          The Palaeolithic: from the first human beings to the invention of agricultura. Charateristics:

§  People were nomads (moved around looking for food).

§  They hunted animals and picked fruit and plants to eat.

§  They used fire had simple tools of Stone, Wood and bones.

§  They had shelters and caves to live.

-           The Neolithic: from the invention of agriculture to the invention of writing.

§  They started to live in one place and formed communities.

§  They made clothes and pottery.

§  They used complex tools.

§  They started to express ideas with symbols.

THE ANCIENT WORLD

·         The first great civilizations

Writing was invented at the same time in different places about 5000 years ago: in China, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Mexico and Greece.

One of the first civilizations was the Roman Empire. It started in Itlay and many places around the Mediterranean Sea, including Spain. Characteristics of the first civilizations:

-          The first cities were built.

-          The first laws were written. There were free people and slaves.

-          The first jobs developed and some people started to create art.

-          The Wheel was invented. Ttransport and business developed.

UNIT 14. MACHINES AND TECHNOLOGY (Natural Science, 4º E.P.)

14 MACHINES AND TECHNOLOGY

SIMPLE MACHINES

What is a machine?

A machine is a device which uses energy to exploit and direct a force.

The first machines were very simple and used human and animal energy.

Simple machines:

-          The lever: a rigid bar with a support which lifts objects.

-          The pulley: a wheel with a channel through which passes a rope to lift objects.

-          The wheel: a disc which spins around a central axle to push heavy objects.

-          The ramp or inclined plane: reduces the force to move a heavy object.

COMPLEX MACHINES

What is a complex machine?

A complex machine is the combination of many different simple machines.

At first, some complex machines used energy from human beings or animals. Then, complex machines used energy from the wind and water. Now, there are machines with motors that use fuel, electricity, etc.

MOTORS

What is a motor?

A motor is a machine capable of transforming energy into movement.

All motors work in a similar way:

-          They move using a source of energy.

-          They move by levers, wheels, pulleys, gears…

-          They move objects or carry out a task.

MACHINES OF THE PRESENT AND FUTURE

Automatic machines

An automatic machine is a machine which works and carries out its task by itself.

Robots are the most complicated automatic machines. They can receive and analyse information and then carry out a task.

UNIT 13. ENERGY 4º E.P

UNIT 13. ENERGY

ENERGY

·        What is energy?

Energy is the capacity to produce changes. These changes can be produced by heat, light, electricity, etc. Energy is always changing from one to another.

SOME FORMS OF ENERGY

-         Heat energy

-         Electrical energy

-         Kinetic energy

-         Light energy

-         Chemical energy

LIGHT ENERGY

·        Light and light sources

A light source is anything which emits light.

·        The properties of light

-         It moves in a straight line.

-         It moves in all directions.

-         It travels very fast.

-         It interacts with the objects it reaches.

SOME PHENOMENA OF LIGHT

-         Shadow: it is a dark area produced because light can´t pass through an opaque object.

-         Reflection: when light can´t pass through an object it bounces off the object.

-         The composition of light: it is a mixture of different colours (red, orange, ywlloe, green, blue, indigo and violet.

ENERGY SOURCES

·        What are energy sources?

An energy source is an object from which we obtain energy. Enery sources can be:

-         Renewable: they do not finish with the use. An example is wind energy. Wind turbines produce electricity and they do not pollute. Other example is solar energy. Solar panels produce heat and electricity and they do not pollute.

-         Non-renewable: they can finish. For example, coal, which is excavated in mines and it pollutes. Other example is oil, which is extracted from oil Wells. Petrol is made from oil. It causes pollution.

THE EFFICIENT USE OF ENERGY

·        We need energy

We use a lot of non-renewable sources of energy and it damages the environment. We must use energy more efficiently:

-         We must use less non-renewable energy because it pollutes and can run out.

-         We must use more renewable energy because it does not pollute and it can not run out.

-         We must save energy: using more efficient motors, recycling and reusing materials, etc.

UNIT 12 (NATURAL SCIENCE 4º)

UNIT 12

THINGS: WHAT THEY ARE LIKE AND HOW THEY CHANGE

v WHAT ARE THINGS MADE OF?

·         MATTER

Matter is everything which occupies space and has a weight, or mass.

Matter can be in one of these states:

-          Solid: usually have a fixed shape and stay the same size.

-          Liquid: adapt their shape but do not expand. They flow.

-          Gas: expand and are invisible.

Every object and substance around us is made of matter. Most of them are made of a mixture of different types of matter (components). Mixtures and their components can be visible  or invisible.

·         THERE ARE MANY MIXTURES IN NATURE

Many things in nature are mixtures:

-          Air is a mixture of gases: oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide…

-          Salt water is the water in seas and oceans, it contains salt.

-          Rocks are formed from minerals.

-          Milk contains water, sugars, proteins and fats.

·         MIXTURES CAN BE SEPARATED

A mixture can be separated into individual components.

How to separate mixtures

- Sieving using a sieve.

- Filtering using a filter.

v WHY DO THINGS MOVE?

·         FORCES CAUSE MOVEMENTS

A force is anything capable of moving a stationary object, or stopping a moving object.

An object can only move or stop if a force acts on it. If there is no force, the object cannot move.

·         SOME FORCES ACT THROUGH CONTACT

An object can move or change direction if someone or something touches it.

For example: a ball moves or change direction with the action of a racket, air, water…

·         SOME FORCES ACT AT A DISTANCE

Some forces act without touching the object:

-          Gravity: the Sun, the Earth and all celestial bodies exercise this force. All matter around them is attracted.

-          Magnetism: a magnet exercises a force at a distance. It attracts all objects around it that are made of iron.

v WHY DO THINGS DEFORM?

·         FORCES DEFORM THINGS

Solids can deform if a force acts on them. Some objects deform very little and can break and others deform and do not break.

·         RIGID AND DEFORMABLE MATERIALS

A rigid material is something which breaks and does not deform when a force acts on it. Ex: glass, granite, slate…

A deformable material is something which deforms and does not break when a force acts on it. Ex: plasticine, paper, rubber…

Deformable materials classify in two types:

-          Elastic: returns to its original shape when a force stops acting on it.

-          Plastic: stays deformed then a force stops acting on it.

UNIT 9 (SOCIAL SCIENCE 4º)

UNIT 9

THE ORGANISATION OF SPAIN

·         PROVINCES

A province is a group of communities related by geography and history. In Spain there are 50 provinces.

·         AUTONOMOUS COMMUNITIES

An autonomous community is a group of provinces, related by geography, history and language. Each autonomous community has a capital and a goverment.

In Spain there are 17 autonomous communities and two autonomous cities: Ceuta and Melilla.

The government of the  Spanish State is elected every four years in the general elections. Citizens elect the memebers of the Parliament. The Parliament is formed from:

-                     The Congress (makes the laws)

-                     The Senate (approves or rejects the laws)

The Congress elects the President of the goverment and he elects his ministers. The King appoints them.

·         SPAIN AND THE EUROPEAN UNION

Spain is in Europe and in the European Union. The organs of government of the European Union are: the European Parliament, the European Commision, Te Council of Europe and the European Courts of justice.

The advantages of being a memeber of the EU are:

-          There no borders between countries.

-          There is a common currency, the Euro.

-          The Union promotes economic equality between its members.

CITIZENS: RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS

·         We are citizens with rights

We have the right to:

-          Elect the members of the goverment.

-          Use public services.

-          An education (study).

-          Work.

-          Be protected by laws.

-          Have a place to live.

·         We are citizens with obligations

-          Respect publi welfare.

-          Contribute to maintaining public services (by paying taxes).

-          Collaborate in wellbeing and security.

-          Respect differences (political, cultural and religious)