UNIT 11 (SOCIAL SCIENCE 4º)

UNIT 11. SOCIETIES CHANGE II

THE MIDDLE AGES

·         Society in the middle ages

The middle ages began after the end of the Roman Empire and finished with the discovery of America.

There were small kingdoms governed by a King. There were different groups of people:

-          Nobles: lived in castles and had their own armies. They helped the King in wars.

-          Clergy: they lived in monasteries. They could read and write and they dedicatd to pray.

-          Craftsmen and mercants: they lived in cities and formed the first businesses.

-          Peasants: the biggest and poorest group. They worked in the farms of the nobles and clergy and received food and protection.

THE MODERN AGE

·         Society in the Modern Age

The Modern Age began with the discovery of America and finished with the French Revolution. The kingdoms joint and formed countries.

There was still a King and nobles who had all the power and Money. There were wars between countries. The biggest countries started to explore and form empires.

Advances which permited the exploration of the world:

-          Better ships, trade between Europe and America developed.

-          The compass improved navigation.

-          New maps.

THE CONTEMPORARY AGE

·         Society in the Contemporary Age

Changes during the Contemporary Age:

-          Liberty and equality for everyone. Democracies developed.

-          The Industrial Revolution started after the invention of the steam engine.

-          Scientific and technical advances.

There were new machines and new forms of energy:

-          The steam engine was very important for the Industrial Revolution.

-          Coal produced energy for the steam engine but it increased pollution.

HOW THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION CHANGED THE WORLD

-          Old craft workshops transformed into factories.

-          Factories were in cities and a new social class formed: the working class.

-          Population grew because they were healthier and richer.

-          There were scientif and technical advances.

-          New energy sources but pollution increased.

-          Communications improved (telephone, radio, television, internet)

UNIT 15 (NATURAL SCIENCE 4º)

UNIT 15: A PLANET FOR EVERYONE

WE ARE DAMAGING THE PLANET

·         We exhaust natural resources

The growing population and the way of life of the rich countries means that we consume too many natural resources and we are exhausting them.

-          We cut down too many forests. Lots of living things dissapear  because we damage their hábitats and ecosystems.

-          We use too much energy from coal and oil and it causes pollution.

-          Fresh water is limited.

·         We pollute and accumulate waste

We produce pollutants and waste.

-          Pollutants: are substances which damage the air, water or ground.

-          Waste: materials we throw away. Many of these materials do not decompose naturally.

·         Social injustice

The planet´s resources are not equally distributed.

- Rich countries: we have money and technology.

- Poor countries: people do not have the basics for life.

WHAT CAN WE DO TO SAVE THE PLANET?

·         Analyze the problems and look for solutions

Most of the problems of the planet are due to the consumer lifstyle.

·         The rule of the three R´s

-          Rreduce consumption.

-          Reuse objects and materials.

-          Recycle materials.

How to change our lives

-          We must reduce the use of natural resources and share them.

-          Using clean energy (renewable energy)

-          We must reuse, recycle and reduce  materials to produce less waste.

·         Protecting The Earth is everyonés responsibility

For example:

-          Laws to protect endangered animals and landscapes.

-          Laws limiting fishing and hunting and the cutting down of forests.

-          Campaigns to sabe and not pollute water.

-          Campaigns to use public transport.

-          Campaigns to use less heating and air conditioning.

·         Recycling waste

Recycling saves energy and natural resources. We can recycle:

1.      Paper and cardborad

2.      Glass

3.      Plastic, metals and tetra bricks

4.      Leftover food

UNIT 10. SOCIETIES CHANGE (Social Science, 4º)

UNIT 10. SOCIETIES CHANGE

HISTORY

·         What is history?

History is the combination of all the things that happened in the past. People who study history are historians. There are different types of history: family history, local, national and universal history.

·         How we find out about history

A historical source is something which gives us information about the past. There are different types: oral, written, graphic and material.

Historians divide the past into periods:

-          Prehistory: from the first human beings to the invention of writing.

-          The Ancient world: from the invention of writing to the end of the Roman Empire.

-          Middle Ages: from the End of the Roman Empire to the discovery of America in 1492.

-          The Modern Age: from the discovery of America to the French Revolution in 1789.

-          The Contemporary age: from the French Revolution  to nowadays.

PREHISTORY

Prehistory has two main periods:

-          The Palaeolithic: from the first human beings to the invention of agricultura. Charateristics:

§  People were nomads (moved around looking for food).

§  They hunted animals and picked fruit and plants to eat.

§  They used fire had simple tools of Stone, Wood and bones.

§  They had shelters and caves to live.

-           The Neolithic: from the invention of agriculture to the invention of writing.

§  They started to live in one place and formed communities.

§  They made clothes and pottery.

§  They used complex tools.

§  They started to express ideas with symbols.

THE ANCIENT WORLD

·         The first great civilizations

Writing was invented at the same time in different places about 5000 years ago: in China, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Mexico and Greece.

One of the first civilizations was the Roman Empire. It started in Itlay and many places around the Mediterranean Sea, including Spain. Characteristics of the first civilizations:

-          The first cities were built.

-          The first laws were written. There were free people and slaves.

-          The first jobs developed and some people started to create art.

-          The Wheel was invented. Ttransport and business developed.

UNIT 14. MACHINES AND TECHNOLOGY (Natural Science, 4º E.P.)

14 MACHINES AND TECHNOLOGY

SIMPLE MACHINES

What is a machine?

A machine is a device which uses energy to exploit and direct a force.

The first machines were very simple and used human and animal energy.

Simple machines:

-          The lever: a rigid bar with a support which lifts objects.

-          The pulley: a wheel with a channel through which passes a rope to lift objects.

-          The wheel: a disc which spins around a central axle to push heavy objects.

-          The ramp or inclined plane: reduces the force to move a heavy object.

COMPLEX MACHINES

What is a complex machine?

A complex machine is the combination of many different simple machines.

At first, some complex machines used energy from human beings or animals. Then, complex machines used energy from the wind and water. Now, there are machines with motors that use fuel, electricity, etc.

MOTORS

What is a motor?

A motor is a machine capable of transforming energy into movement.

All motors work in a similar way:

-          They move using a source of energy.

-          They move by levers, wheels, pulleys, gears…

-          They move objects or carry out a task.

MACHINES OF THE PRESENT AND FUTURE

Automatic machines

An automatic machine is a machine which works and carries out its task by itself.

Robots are the most complicated automatic machines. They can receive and analyse information and then carry out a task.